英语语法

01.名词的格

1.1 of属格的三种形式。

基本形式：N1 + of + N2

a.当N1为不及物动词变化过来的名词。(主谓关系)
例句：
the arrival of my mother 我妈妈到了

b.当N1为及物动词变化过来的名词。(动宾关系)
例句：
America's invasion of Irap 美国入侵伊拉克

c.当N2表示N1的具体内容，两者互为同位关系。(同位关系)
例句：
the city of Roma 罗马城市
the news of the team's victory 该队胜利的消息

02.限定词

2.1 数量限定词

a few,few/a little ,little

区别和联系：
a few/few 接可数名词
a little/little 接不可数名词

a few/a little意思是肯定的，表示“有一些”
few/little意思是否定的，表示“很少，几乎没有”

例句：

His theory is rather difficult;few people understand it.

他的理论很深奥，没什么人能理解。

His theory is rather difficult,but a few people understand it.

他的理论很深奥，但是有一些人能理解。

I have little interest in English,so I am very poor at it.

我对英语没什么兴趣，所以学得很不好。

I have a little interest in English,so I am learning it.

我对英语有些兴趣，所以我喜欢学。

some/any

区别和联系：
some/any 均可以与不可数/复数名词连用，表示“一些”

some用于肯定句
any 用于否定句

例句：

I want to buy some computer books.
我想买几本计算机书。
I don't have any friends here.
我在这里没有朋友

many/much

区别和联系

many/much都表示许多。

many修饰可数名词

much修饰不可数名词

each/every

区别和联系：

each/every后面都只能接单数可数名词

each强调个体,可以用来指两个或两个以上的事物。可以做代词。
every 强调整体，可以用来指三个或三个以上的事物

例句

Each has a gift.
人人都有礼物
Every has a gift
这个句子是错的，every不能做代词。

I want every student to succeed in the exam.
我希望每个学生都能通过考试。 (强调整体，表示希望所有学生都能通过考试)
Each student has his own personal dream in his mind.
每个学生心中都有自己的梦想。 (强调个体差别，因为每个人的梦想不同)

another/other/the other

区别和联系

another 只能与单数名词连用，表示不确定的“另一个”、“再一个”

other可与单数名词、负数名词以及不可数名词连用，表示不确定的“另外的”、“其余的”
the other表示确定了的“另外一个”

例句

another day 另一天
another cup of water 另一杯水

the other boy 另一个男孩
other boys 其他男孩
other water 其他水

either/neither

区别和联系
either/neither都与单数可数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。两者都能做代词。

either基本意思为“两个当中的任何一个”、“两者中的每一个”

neither基本意思为“两者都不”

例句

Either day is OK.
两天中的哪一天都可以
Neither day is OK.
两天中的哪一天都不行

代词

Come over on Saturday or Sunday. Either is OK.
你周六或者周日过来，哪天都行。
You can't choose Choices A and B. Neither is right.
选项A和选项B你都不能选，两个都不对。

both/all

区别和联系
both表示“两者都”
all表示“三个或三个以上都”

例句

Both of us have learned English for a year.
我们俩学习英语都有一年了。
All of us have learned English for a year.
我们大家学习英语都有一年了。

neither/none

区别和联系
neither表示“两者都不”
none表示“三者或三者以上都不”

例句

neither of us believes it.
我俩都不相信他
none could match her looks.
没有人能比得上他的美貌。

this/that/these/those

区别和联系
this表“这个”
that表“那个”
these表“这些”
those表“那些”

03.形容词 (观点形容词 + 描述形容词)

3.1形容词短语

a.形容词 + 介词短语

a jacket similar to yours. (similar to yours构成形容词短语)
一件与你相同的夹克。

b.形容词 + 不定式短语

parents eager to support their children's effords. (eager to support their children's effords 构成形容词短语)
非常乐意支持孩子的父母。

c.形容词 + 动名词短语

a waiter busy serving the guests. (busy serving the guests构成形容词短语)
忙于招待客人的服务生。

d.多个形容词并列

He bought a set of furniture,simple and beautiful. (simple and beautiful构成形容词短语)
他买了一套家具，既简约又美观。

3.2 形容词比较级

A + 比较级 + than B

The question is less difficult than that question.
这个问题没有那个问题难。

3.3 形容词最高级

a. the + 最高级 + in + 地方

It is most expensive car in the world.
这是世界上最贵的车。

b. the + 序数词 + 最高级 + 地方

The yangtze River is the longest river in China,but it is the third longest river in the world.
长江是中国最长的河流，是世界上第三长的河流。

c. the + 形容词/副词的最高级 + of + 所属范围

Certain zoologists regard crows the most intelligent of birds.
有些动物学家认为，乌鸦是所有鸟类中最聪明的。

3.4-ing形容词/-ed形容词

联系和区别
-ing形容词主要是用来描述引起人某种感觉的事物，因此，句子的主语通常是事物，或该形容词做定于修饰事物(用于修饰人的情况较少)
-ed形容词主要是用来描述人的感觉，表示“人对事物产生某种感觉”，句子的主语通常是人或有情绪的动物，或该形容词用来修饰人或有情绪的动物(一般不指事物)

例句

The book is interesting.
这本书很有趣。
I'm bored with my job.
我的工作很无聊。

04.助动词

05.时态

06.情态

07.介词和介词短语

①概念

介词：用来表明名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)与句中其他词的关系的词叫介词。

②注意点

介词是虚词，不能重读，不能单独作句子成分，需要和它后面的词共同充当句子成分。介词后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的部分称为介词宾语，简称介宾。

③介词的分类

a.按照形式分

b.按意义分

④介词短语的组成

⑤介词短语的功能

详细

时间介词

表示时间的介词称为时间介词.表示时间的介词有：at, on, in, before, after等.

at, on和in

①at 表示：（在（某时刻、时间、阶段）,在……岁时）**

My cousin joined the army at fifteen.

我表哥十五岁参的军.

② on 表示：在（某日）,在周末,在……节日

He was born on the 15th of August in 1769.

他出生于1769年8月15日.

③ in 表示：在……事后,在……期间,在……年/月

She went to America in 2000.

她2000年去了美国.

at, on 和in 作时间介词的比较：

① at 表示具体时间点.

② on 后可以跟表日期、星期、节日的词,还可以指具体某一天的早、中、晚.

③ in 泛指一天的早、中、晚,还可以表示一段时间,如：周、年、月、季节等.

before和after

① before 表示：在……之前 before eight o’ clock 八点之前

Spring comes before summer.

夏天之前是春天.

② after 表示：表示……之后 after lunch 午饭之后

Come to my office after school.

放学后请来我办公室.

手段介词

表示做某事的方法、手段的介词有by, with, in, at, on.

by

①by表示：用,以,靠,通过……方式.

②by表示手段时后接动作或制作方式.“by + 交通工具”表示交通方式.

by bike 骑车 by bus 坐公车 by taxi 搭出租

by train 坐火车 by ship 乘船 by air 坐飞机

Linda usually goes to work by subway.

琳达通常坐地铁上班.

She makes a living by teaching.

她靠教书谋生.

with

with 表示：用,以.with表示手段时,后接工具、材料或具体内容.

write with a pen 用钢笔写

eat with knife and fork 用刀叉吃

see with one’s eyes 用眼睛看

I killed the fly with a swatter.

我用苍蝇拍打死那只苍蝇.

She cut the cake with a knife.

她用刀切开了蛋糕.

in

in 表示：用,以.in表示用某种方式,如：颜色、笔墨、语言、声音、服饰等.

speak in English 用英语说

talk in a high voice 高声说话

I wrote a letter in ink.

我用钢笔写了一封信.

Try to express yourself in English.

试着用英语表达一下.

空间介词

表示空间的介词有：

at, in, on, over, above, under, below 等表示静态位置的介词

from, to, up, down, through, across 等表示动态方向的介词.

at, on 和 in

① at 表示：（地点、位置）在……

② on 表示：（位置）在……上面

③ in 表示：（地点、位置或空间）在……里,在……中,在……上

Her fans have arrived at the airport.

她的影迷已经到达了机场.

Look at the picture at the top of the page.

请看以下这一项上面的图片.

Is my pen on the desk or in the desk?

我的钢笔是在桌子上还是在抽屉里呢?

Some kids are playing in the yard and others are playing in the room.

有些孩子在院子里玩,其他则在房间里玩.

at,on 和 in 作空间介词的比较

① at用于表示一个较小的场合,这个地点被当作一个点来看待.

② on 表示在某一平面或线上,强调与某物体有接触.

③ in 表示在较大的地方,在某立体空间或平面范围之内.

about 和 around

① over 二者都表示：在……周围/各处,围绕.但

②about强调无方向.

We walked about in the town.

我们在城里到处游逛.

Dudu is running around the fence.

嘟嘟在绕着篱笆跑.

Let’s plant trees around the house.

让我们在房子周围栽上树.

over 和 above

① under 表示：在……正上方,越过

② above 表示：在……上方

I saw a wood bridge over the river.

我看见河上有座木桥.

Look! Some birds are flying above the clouds.

看!一些鸟儿在云朵上飞翔.

over和above作空间介词的比较

① over强调在某人或某物的正上方,而且两物体表面没有接触.

② above 强调位置上某物体的上方,并不一定是正上方,而且两物体表面也没有接触.

under 和 below

① under 表示：在……的正下方

② below 表示：在……下方

Please read the words below the picture.

请读图片下面的文字.

Look! A big mouse hides under the armchair.

看!一只大老鼠躲在扶手椅下面.

under 和 below 作空间介词的比较

① under 强调在某物的下方,完全覆盖两物体表面可以接触也可以不接触.

② below 强调位置低于某参照物,但并不一定是正下方.

between 和 among

① between 表示：（位置、时间、数量等）在……之间（两者之间）

② among 表示：在……中间（三者或三者以上之间）

I often fly between Beijing and Shanghai.

我经常在北京和上海之间飞来飞去.

Come here between eight and nine o’ clock.

请把点到九点之间过来.

Susan is among the crowd.

苏珊在人群当中.

into 和 out of

① into 表示：进来

② out of 表示：出去

Get out of the room.

从房间里出去!

Bob walked into the room.

鲍勃走进房间.

He is working in the office.

她在办公室里工作.

behind 和 in front of

① behind 表示：在……后面

② in front of 表示：在……前面

There is a fountain in the front of the park.

公园的前面有一个喷泉.

Susan sits in front of me and Dudu sits behind me.

苏珊坐在我前面,嘟嘟坐在我后面.

up 和 down

① up 表示：往上,向……顶上

② down 表示：往下,沿着……往下

The monkey is climbing up the tree.

猴子正在往树上爬.

Tears ran down her face.

眼泪从她的脸上流了下来.

across 和 through

① across 表示：穿过,跨过

② through表示：穿过,通过

There is a bridge across the river there.

那儿有座桥横跨在河上.

A train is running through the tunnel.

一列火车正从隧道中穿过.

by 和 near

① by 表示：在……旁边

② near 表示：在……附近

Come over here and stand by me.

过来站在我旁边吧.

We are planning to camp by the lake.

我们打算到湖边露营.

There are some big apple trees near the house.

房子附近有一些大苹果树.

The new hospital is near our school.

新医院里我们学校不远.

其他空间介词

① along 表示：沿着,顺着

② to 表示：到……,去……,向……

Let’s walk along the street.

让我们沿着街散散步.

We drove along the freeway.

我们驱车沿着高数公路行驶.

The child pointed to the polar star.

那孩子指着北极星.

I’m going to the bakery.

我想要去那家糕饼店.

*第一个to表示“指”的方向、目标.

第二个to表示到达的目的地.

其他介词

除了按上面介绍表示时间关系、空间关系、方式、手段等的介词外,还有一些重要的介词:

of 的用法

① of 表示：……的（表示所属、所有关系）

a cover of this book

这本书的封皮

a friend of my parents

我父母的一个朋友

② of 表示：……之中的（表示部分）

some boys of the team

小组里的几个男生

the end of the story

故事的结尾

Two students of our class joined in the match.

我们班里的两个同学参加了这场比赛.

All of us approved his plan.

我们全都赞成他的计划.

③ of 表示：……份/量的,……的种类的（表示量、种类）

a drop of water

一滴水

a pair of shoes

一双鞋

I want two cups of coffee.

我要两杯咖啡.

with 的用法

① with 表示：具有,有……的,随身带着

It is a dog with black spots.

它是一只长着黑色斑点的狗.

Take an umbrella with you.

带把雨伞吧!

② with表示：和……一起,同……一起,偕同

I went to Disneyland with my mother.

我和妈妈一起去了迪斯尼乐园.

Jane likes to play with Mimi.

简喜欢和咪咪玩耍.

③ with 表示：随着……

The wine improves with age.

这种酒越陈越香.

I get up with the sun every day.

我每天日出就起床.

for 的用法

① for 表示：为了……（表示目的、用途、利益）

Give me a knife for cutting bread.

给我一把切面包的刀子.

I’ve found it for you.

我已经为你找到了它.

What can I do for you?

我能为你做些什么吗?

② for 表示：一段距离或时间

He has run for a mile.

他跑了一英里.

I’ve studied in Beijing for three years.

我在北京学习三年了.

Please bake the cake for 40 minutes.

请将蛋糕烤四十分钟.

③ for 表示：因为,由于（表示原因）

Thank you for your help.

谢谢你的帮助.

Andy jumped for joy at the good news.

安迪听到这个消息高兴的跳了起来.

We could hardly see for the mist.

由于大雾,我们几乎看不见了.

like 的用法

① like表示：像……（一样）,似……（一样）

They are like brothers and sisters.

他们情同手足.

② like 表示：是什么样子,怎样

Andy looks just like his father.

安迪和他爸爸像极了.

from 的用法

① from 表示：（时间或场所）从……,自……

We work from Monday to Friday.

我们周一到周五上班.

Charlie will fly from New York to London.

查理要从纽约飞往伦敦.

The cat jumped down from the top of the wall.

猫从墙头跳了下来.

② from 表示（两地的距离）离

The nearest hospital is 10 miles from my house.

最近的医院离我家十英里远.

We live about 5 kilometers from Boston.

我们住在离波士顿约五公里的地方.

③ from 表示：出自……,来自……

Did you have a (phone) call from him?

你接到他的电话了吗?

Where are you from?

你来自哪里?

Susan got a letter from her aunt.

苏珊收到一封她姨妈的来信.

at, about, to 和 in 的其他用法

① at 表示：对着……, 朝着……,向……（表示方向,目标）

He threw a bone at the dog.

他用一块骨头砸狗.

Please look at the blackboard.

请看黑板.

Jack shot at the deer but missed.

杰克朝鹿开了一枪,但是没有打中.

② about 表示：关于……,涉及……

He told me a story about ghosts.

他给我讲了一个鬼故事.

Don’t worry about me.

不要担心我.

They are talking about English learning.

他们在谈论英语学习。

③ to 表示：对于,给,向（表示对象）

Jane is always very kind to others.

简总是对别人很友善。

Please send some food to them.

请给他们送些食品去。

Have you told all the news to John?

你把全部的消息都告诉约翰了吗?

④ in 表示：穿着,戴着

Who is the man in black?

那穿黑色衣服的人是谁?

Tom is in a purple hat.

汤姆戴着紫色帽子。

The girl in uniform is Mary.

穿校服的那个女孩是玛丽。

08.句型

基本句型

①主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

可以将直接宾语提到谓语动词后面然后添加介词to或for，再把间接宾语放到介词后面

并列句

组成：
    ①表示顺接：
        ... and ...
        both ... and ...
        not only ..., but ... as well / but also ... / but ...
    ②表示转折：
        ... but ...
        ... yet ...
    ③表示选择：
        ... or ...
        either ... or ...   //或者……或者
            例：She was coming back either today or tomorrow.
        neither ... nor ... //既不……也不
            例：I have neither brothers nor sisters. 
    ④表示因果
        ... for ...
        ... so ...

注意点：
    三个部分并列时，第一个为逗号，第二个为and

疑问句

1. 一般疑问句
   ①谓语动词中含有be动词或情态动词的提问

   肯定句	疑问句	回答
   He is a teacher.	Is he a teacher?	Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
   He can swim.	Can he swin?	Yes, he can. No, he can't.

   ②谓语动词是实义动词的提问

   肯定句	疑问句	回答
   I like English.	Do you like English?	Yes, I do. No, I don't.
   He likes English.	Does he like English?	Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
   He liked English.	Did he like English?	Yes, he did. No, he didn't.

2. 特殊疑问句
   ①不与名词连用的疑问词(特殊疑问词+一般疑问句+?)

   作用	疑问句	回答	疑问词
   对人提问	Who can sing in English? 谁会唱英文歌？	He can sing in English. 他会唱英文歌。	who
   对事物或所做的事情提问	What do you like? 你喜欢什么？	I like English. 我喜欢英语。	what
   对时间提问	When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的？	I was born in 1980. 我是1980年出生的。	when
   对地点提问	Where does he live? 他住在哪里？	He lives in Beijing. 他住在北京	where
   对原因提问	Why do you often study at the library? 你为什么常常在图书馆学习？	I often study at the library because it's quiet. 我常常在图书馆学习，因为那里很安静。	why
   对方式提问	How does he go to school? 他怎么上学	He goes to school by bus. 他坐公交上学。	how
   对频率提问	How often do you go shopping? 你多久去购物一次？	I go shopping twice a week. 我每周去购物两次。	how often
   对看法提问	How do you like the English teacher? 你觉得英语老师怎么样？	She is so warm-hearted. 她很热心。	how
   对感觉提问	How do you fell? 你感觉怎么样？	I fell happy. 我感觉很开心。	how
   对年龄提问	How old are you? 你多大了？	I'm nine. 我9岁了。	how old

   ②要与名词连用的疑问词(当说话者提供多种选项对象供对方选择时要用which来提问)

   作用	疑问句	回答	疑问词
   提供多种对象供对方选择	Which pen do you want? 你想要哪一只钢笔？	That red one. Thanks.	which
   ……的	Whose car did you borrow last night? 你昨晚借了谁的车？	I borrow Jack's car last night. 我昨晚借了杰克的车。	whose

09.名词性从句

分类：
    ①主语从句
    ②宾语从句 (动宾、介宾)
        例：He believed that I was right.
            He laughed at what I said.
    ③表语从句
    ④同位语从句

10.定语从句

指人或者物且在从句中做宾语时可省略。

定语从句类型

1. 关系词作从句的主语
   The women is a famous dancer and she lives next door.
   The women who lives next door is a famous dancer.

2. 关系词作从句的宾语

   I'd really like to find a friend and I can trust him completely.
   I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.
   I'd really like to find a friend I can trust completely. (作宾语的关系词可以省去)

3. 关系词作从句中介词的宾语

   I'm talking about friend and you can share almost everything with them.
   I'm talking about friend who you can share almost everything with.

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

例句

1. He has a daughter who works in a hospital.
2. He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.
3. The food which wasn't in the fridge all went off.
4. The food, which wasn't in the fridge, all went off.

差异

1. 限制性定语从句一般翻译成定语的形式“……的”，而非限制定语从句往往翻译成各种状语形式。

   没有放在冰箱的那些食物都坏掉了。  
   食物都坏掉了，因为没有放在冰箱。

11.状语从句

分类：
    ①时间状语从句(重要)
        when / while / as
        before / after since / until
        as soon as / by the time
    ②地点状语从句
        where
    ③原因状语从句(重要)
        because
        since
        as
    ④结果状语从句(重要)
        so...that...
        such...that...
        so that...
    ⑤目的状语从句
        so that...
        in order that...
    ⑥条件状语从句(重要)
        if
        unless = if not
        once
        as long as
    ⑦让步状语从句(重要) //明让步，暗转折
        although / though
        even if / even though
    ⑧比较状语从句
        than
        as
    ⑨方式状语从句
        as

12.非谓语

组成: 
    doing   主动
    done    被动
    to do   目的

作用: 
    ①相当于名词，作主/宾/表语   doing、to do(作主语时一般用形式主语It)
    ②修饰名词/句子，作定/状语   就近修饰。

13.长难句分析

1.非谓语动词
① to do: 一定不是主干谓语动词
② doing: 前面是否有be或其变体，否则不是主干谓语动词
③ 过去式或过去分词: 过去分词前不出现have或其变体或be, 则为主干谓语动词

14.There be句型

there be 句型的几种特殊结构及其用法归纳、总结如下:

一、there be句型与各种情态动词连用。

例如： There must be something wrong here．

There might still be some vacant seats in the rear．

There ought to be something with which to fill your stocking．

二、there be句型中的谓语动词be被be likely to be，happen to be，seem（to be）， occur等代替，用来描写事物。

例如： There are likely to be more difficulties than they have been prepared for．

There happened to be nobody in the room．

There doesn’t seem to be much hope of our beating that team ．

There have occurred many great changes since we met last．

三、there be 句型中的谓语动词be被一些不及物动词代替，如 live，stand，exist，remain等，用来表示"静止、存在、有"。

There lives a family of five in the village．

There remains nothing more to be done．

四、there be 句型中的谓语动词be被一些不及物动词代替，如 come，spring up，appear，emerge，arrive，enter，follow, 等，用来表示"突然出现"。

There appears to be no substitute for this stuff yet．

There came a company of actors and actresses．

There followed a spirited discussion after class．

五、there be句型中be用不定式，形成"（for）there to be ＋宾格词"结构，表示"有"或"存在（某种情况）"，在"（for）there to be ＋宾格词"的结构中，主语是宾格词。这种不定式结构在句中作逻辑宾语、状语和主语。

1．"there to be ＋宾格词"在句中作宾语。例如：

The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．

People don’t want there to be anotherwar．

Members like there to be plenty of choice．

2．"for there to be ＋宾格词"在句中作状语。

It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim ’s car out quite safely．

3．"there to be ＋宾格词"在句中作主语。

It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company．

It is impossible for there to be any more apples．

For there to be so few people in the streets was unusual．

六、there be句型中be用V －ing分词，形成"（of）there being ＋宾格词"结构，表示"有"或"存在（某种情况）"，在"（of）there be- ing ＋宾格词"的结构中，主语是宾格词。

1．"there being ＋宾格词"在句中作宾语。例如：

Have you ever thought of there being so many work units for you to choose on the talent’s meeting？

2．"there being ＋宾格词"在句中作状语。例如：

There being no cause for alarm ，she went back to her bedroom．

3．"there being ＋宾格词"在句中作主 语。例如：

There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage．

七、there be 句型中 be 用 be ＋V-ed 分词，形成"there be ＋V-ed分词＋宾格词"结构，表示"有"或"存在?? （某种情况）"，在"there be ＋V-ed 分词＋宾格词"的结构中，主语是宾格词。

There was found a lot of food in the kitchen cupboard．

There are now published millions of books every year in China．

There was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in Shanghai．

八、"there be no ＋主语名词"的习惯用法。

1．V-ing分词在"there be no"结构中作主语，表示"不可能"、"无法"。例如：

There is no denying the fact that China is still a developing country．

There is no joking about such matters．

There is no telling what will happen to him next．

2．there is no point ＋V-ing分词，表示"没有必要"，"无用"，"没有意义"，"没有用处"。例如：

We are disappointed with the new officer elected in our bridge club，but thereis no point worrying about it．

3．there is no use ＋V-ing分词，表示"无用"，"没有意义"，"没有用处"。例如：

There is no use advising him to give up smoking．

4．there is no good ＋V-ing分词，表示"无用"，"没有意义"，"没有用处"，"没有益处"。例如：

There is no good discussing the matter with such a fool．

九、在由"there be ＋主语名词"引起的句子中，修饰主语的情况。

1．在由"there be ＋主语名词"引起的句子中，用来修饰主语的不定式可以用被动形式，也可以用主动形式。例如：

There is no time to lose ／to be lost．

There are still many things to take care of ／to be taken care of．  
在口语中多用主动形式。但是有时候两种形式可能表示不同的意思。试比较：

There is nothing to do now．（We have nothing to do now．）

There is nothing to be done now．（We can do nothing now．）

There is nothing to see（nothing worth seeing）．

There is nothing to be seen（nothing there at all）．

2．在由"there be ＋主语名词"引起的句子中，用来修饰主语的分词或分词短语在意思上相当于一个定语从句。例如：

There were 200children studying（＝who were studying）m usic，dancing，or dram atics．

Is there anything planned（＝that has been planned）for tonight？