假设你已经看了我前面的二叉树和按层打印的内容,看完下面的内容保证你手撕红黑树。
对二叉树优化,引入红黑概念(源码用r和b表示红和黑),保证每条由上到下的路径的黑点相同,最坏状态下,一条路径全黑,一条路径红黑交替,是其两倍长,解决二叉树完全退化成为链表的问题。
如何保证每条路径的黑点相同,红点不连续呢?
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图片来源于互联网,如有侵权,请联系作者删除。
在红黑树中插入新的节点,有6种状态(插入节点默认红色,如果默认黑色,将不止6种状态,很麻烦,自行脑补)
插入新的节点后用color函数处理,使其保证红黑树的平衡。
color函数包括6种插入状态(1倒6对应上图右侧的6张嵌入图片)。
1和4直接调色(能够通过调色保持平衡,则无需旋转)
2和6旋转一次后调色(直接调色无法保持平衡,需要旋转一次再调色,方能保持平衡)
3和5旋转两次后调色(直接调色无法保持平衡,需要旋转两次再调色,方能保持平衡)
总的感觉是插入点上移,变色遵循左右路径的黑点数目不变,红色不相邻,随意变,结果发现,满足条件的变化只有一种可能。
源码走起
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#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdio.h>
#include<malloc.h>
#define N 100
#define K 100
typedef struct redblacknode RBN;
struct redblacknode {//红黑树的节点
int key;
char rb;
RBN* father;
RBN* left;
RBN* right;
};
void redblacktree(RBN* p, int key);//红黑树,能插入关键字
void happen_rand(int* p, int n);//生成随机数
void color(RBN* p);
void right_handed(RBN* p);//右旋
void left_handed(RBN* p);//左旋
RBN static const sentry={-1,'w',NULL,NULL,NULL};//哨兵,主要作用是节省空间,不然每一个叶节点都要开辟一个空结构体;详见算法导论10.2的介绍
RBN *uncle;//定义一个叔叔指针
RBN* NODE;//定义一个根节点指针
RBN* tmp,*tmptmp;
//*********************************以下内容是按层打印源码****************************
typedef struct queue SQ;//队列
struct queue {
RBN array[N];
RBN* head;
RBN* tail;
};//申明队列结构体
int enqueue(SQ* p, RBN n);//入队
RBN* dequeue(SQ* p);//出队
int printf_tree_layer(RBN* p);//按层遍历打印二叉树
int enqueue(SQ* p, RBN n) {
*p->tail = n;
p->tail++;
if (p->tail == &p->array[N]) {
p->tail = &p->array[0];
}//尾部循环
if (p->head == p->tail)//判断溢出
return -1;
}
RBN* dequeue(SQ* p) {
if (p->head == &p->array[N]) {
p->head = &p->array[0];
}//尾部循环
if (p->head == p->tail) //判断溢出
{
RBN* p = NULL;
return p;
}
return (p->head++);
}
SQ Q = { {0},&Q.array[0],&Q.array[0] };//Q队列初始化
int k = 0;
int sumup = 1;//当前行的元素个数
int sumdown = 0;//下一行的元素个数
int printf_tree_layer(RBN* p) {
if (0 == sumup) {//这里是关键,当前元素是0的时候换行,
if (sumdown == 0) return;//判断下一行是否为0
printf("\n");
sumup = sumdown;
sumdown = 0;
}
printf("%d ", p->key);
sumup--;//每次打印后当前元素个数减一
if (&sentry != p->left) { enqueue(&Q, *p->left); sumdown++; }//每次生成子元素后下一行元素个数加一
if (&sentry != p->right) { enqueue(&Q, *p->right); sumdown++; }//每次生成子元素后下一行元素个数加一
RBN* T = dequeue(&Q);
printf_tree_layer(T);
}
//*********************************以上内容是按层打印源码****************************
int main() {
int array[N] = { 0}, i;
happen_rand(array, N);//数组随机化
RBN node = { array[0],'b' ,&sentry,&sentry,&sentry };//根节点
NODE = &node;
for (i = 1; i < N; i++) {
redblacktree(NODE, array[i]);//在红黑树中插入元素
}
printf_tree_layer(NODE);
}
void happen_rand(int* p, int n) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
p[i] = rand() % K;
}
}
void redblacktree(RBN* p, int key) {//递归的方式把key插入到红黑树中
if (key < p->key && p->left == &sentry) {//插入节点后需要用color函数调色
p->left = (RBN*)malloc(sizeof(RBN));
p->left->key = key;
p->left->father = p;
p->left->left = &sentry;
p->left->right = &sentry;
p->left->rb = 'r';
color(p->left);
}
else if (key >= p->key && p->right == &sentry) {
p->right = (RBN*)malloc(sizeof(RBN));
p->right->key = key;
p->right->father =p;
p->right->left = &sentry;
p->right->right = &sentry;
p->right->rb = 'r';
color(p->right);
}
else if (key < p->key && p->left != &sentry)
redblacktree(p->left, key);
else if (key >= p->key && p->right != &sentry)
redblacktree(p->right, key);
}
void color(RBN* p) {//颜色调整分为6种状态,前两种不旋转直接调色,后四种要旋转,旋转后再调色,旋转有4种状态,每一种状态旋转后需要调色(算法导论176页)(/右旋)(\左旋)(<左旋+/右旋)(>右旋+\左旋)
if (p->rb=='b') {return; }
if (p->father->rb == 'r') {
if (p->father == p->father->father->left) {//父节点是左节点
uncle = p->father->father->right;//叔节点是右节点
if (uncle->rb == 'r') {//叔节点是红
if(p->father->father->father!=&sentry)p->father->father->rb = 'r';
p->father->rb = 'b';
uncle->rb = 'b';
color(p->father->father);
}
else if (uncle->rb == 'b' || uncle == &sentry) {//叔节点是黑或者是无
if (p == p->father->left) {//插入节点是左,进行右旋,调色
p->left->father = p;
p->left->left = &sentry;
p->left->right = &sentry;
p->left->rb = 'r';
color(p->left);
}
else if (key >= p->key && p->right == &sentry) {
p->right = (RBN*)malloc(sizeof(RBN));
p->right->key = key;
p->right->father =p;
p->right->left = &sentry;
p->right->right = &sentry;
p->right->rb = 'r';
color(p->right);
}
else if (key < p->key && p->left != &sentry)
redblacktree(p->left, key);
else if (key >= p->key && p->right != &sentry)
redblacktree(p->right, key);
}
void color(RBN* p) {//颜色调整分为6种状态,前两种不旋转直接调色,后四种要旋转,旋转后再调色,旋转有4种状态,每一种状态旋转后需要调色(算法导论176页)(/右旋)(\左旋)(<左旋+/右旋)(>右旋+\左旋)
if (p->rb=='b') {return; }
if (p->father->rb == 'r') {
if (p->father == p->father->father->left) {//父节点是左节点
uncle = p->father->father->right;//叔节点是右节点
if (uncle->rb == 'r') {//叔节点是红
if(p->father->father->father!=&sentry)p->father->father->rb = 'r';
p->father->rb = 'b';
uncle->rb = 'b';
color(p->father->father);
}
else if (uncle->rb == 'b' || uncle == &sentry) {//叔节点是黑或者是无
if (p == p->father->left) {//插入节点是左,进行右旋,调色
right_handed(p->father);
p->father->rb = 'b';
p->father->right->rb = 'r';
color(p->father);
}
else if (p == p->father->right) {//插入节点是右,进行左旋,右旋,调色
p->father->rb = 'b';
p->father->right->rb = 'r';
color(p->father);
}
else if (p == p->father->right) {//插入节点是右,进行左旋,右旋,调色
left_handed(p);
right_handed(p);
p->rb = 'b';
p->right->rb = 'r';
color(p);
}
}
}
else if (p->father == p->father->father->right) {//父节点是右节点
uncle = p->father->father->left;//叔节点是左节点
if (uncle->rb == 'r') {//叔节点是红
if (p->father->father->father!= &sentry)p->father->father->rb = 'r';
p->father->rb = 'b';
uncle->rb = 'b';
color(p->father->father);
}
else if (uncle->rb == 'b' || uncle == &sentry) {//叔节点是黑或者是无
if (p == p->father->right) {//插入节点是右,进行左旋,调色
right_handed(p);
p->rb = 'b';
p->right->rb = 'r';
color(p);
}
}
}
else if (p->father == p->father->father->right) {//父节点是右节点
uncle = p->father->father->left;//叔节点是左节点
if (uncle->rb == 'r') {//叔节点是红
if (p->father->father->father!= &sentry)p->father->father->rb = 'r';
p->father->rb = 'b';
uncle->rb = 'b';
color(p->father->father);
}
else if (uncle->rb == 'b' || uncle == &sentry) {//叔节点是黑或者是无
if (p == p->father->right) {//插入节点是右,进行左旋,调色
left_handed(p->father);
p->father->rb = 'b';
p->father->left->rb = 'r';
color(p->father);
}
else if (p == p->father->left) {//插入节点是左,进行右旋,左旋,左旋,调***r /> right_handed(p);
left_handed(p);
p->rb = 'b';
p->left->rb = 'r';
color(p);
}
}
}
}
}
void left_handed(RBN* p) {
RBN* y = p;
RBN* x = y->father;
x->right = y->left;
if (y->left != &sentry) y->left->father = x;
y->father = x->father;
if (x->father == &sentry) NODE = y;
else if (x == x->father->left) x->father->left = y;
else x->father->right = y;
y->left = x;
x->father = y;
}
void right_handed(RBN* p) {
RBN* x = p;
RBN* y = x->father;
y->left = x->right;
if (x->right != &sentry) x->right->father = y;
x->father = y->father;
if (y->father == &sentry) NODE = x;
else if (y == y->father->left) y->father->left = x;
else y->father->right = x;
x->right = y;
y->father = x;
}
p->father->rb = 'b';
p->father->left->rb = 'r';
color(p->father);
}
else if (p == p->father->left) {//插入节点是左,进行右旋,左旋,左旋,调***r /> right_handed(p);
left_handed(p);
p->rb = 'b';
p->left->rb = 'r';
color(p);
}
}
}
}
}
void left_handed(RBN* p) {
RBN* y = p;
RBN* x = y->father;
x->right = y->left;
if (y->left != &sentry) y->left->father = x;
y->father = x->father;
if (x->father == &sentry) NODE = y;
else if (x == x->father->left) x->father->left = y;
else x->father->right = y;
y->left = x;
x->father = y;
}
void right_handed(RBN* p) {
RBN* x = p;
RBN* y = x->father;
y->left = x->right;
if (x->right != &sentry) x->right->father = y;
x->father = y->father;
if (y->father == &sentry) NODE = x;
else if (y == y->father->left) y->father->left = x;
else y->father->right = x;
x->right = y;
y->father = x;
}