http://blog.csdn.net/lingzhm/article/details/45022385
参考自:论文,Dual-Pivot Quicksort algorithm ,by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy。
http://www.sytarena.com/javajswz/20140217/1329.html
转载自:http://blog.csdn.NET/jy3161286/article/details/23361191?utm_source=tuicool
DualPivotQuicksort是JDK1.7开始的采用的快速排序算法。
一般的快速排序采用一个枢轴来把一个数组划分成两半,然后递归之。
大量经验数据表面,采用两个枢轴来划分成3份的算法更高效,这就是DualPivotQuicksort。
算法思想
JDK源码
TimSort
- public static void sort(int[] a, int left, int right) {
- // Use Quicksort on small arrays
- if (right - left < QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD) {//门限为286
- sort(a, left, right, true);
- return;
- }
- /*
- * Index run[i] is the start of i-th run
- * (ascending&nbs***bsp;descending sequence).
- */
- int[] run = new int[MAX_RUN_COUNT + 1];
- int count = 0; run[0] = left;
- // Check if the array is nearly sorted
- for (int k = left; k < right; run[count] = k) {
- if (a[k] < a[k + 1]) { // ascending
- while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] <= a[k]);
- } else if (a[k] > a[k + 1]) { // descending
- while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] >= a[k]);
- for (int lo = run[count] - 1, hi = k; ++lo < --hi; ) {
- int t = a[lo]; a[lo] = a[hi]; a[hi] = t;
- }
- } else { // equal
- for (int m = MAX_RUN_LENGTH; ++k <= right && a[k - 1] == a[k]; ) {
- if (--m == 0) {
- sort(a, left, right, true);
- return;
- }
- }
- }
- /*
- * The array is not highly structured,
- * use Quicksort instead of merge sort.
- */
- if (++count == MAX_RUN_COUNT) {
- sort(a, left, right, true);
- return;
- }
- }
- // Check special cases
- if (run[count] == right++) { // The last run contains one element
- run[++count] = right;
- } else if (count == 1) { // The array is already sorted
- return;
- }
- /*
- * Create temporary array, which is used for merging.
- * Implementation note: variable "right" is increased by 1.
- */
- int[] b; byte odd = 0;
- for (int n = 1; (n <<= 1) < count; odd ^= 1);
- if (odd == 0) {
- b = a; a = new int[b.length];
- for (int i = left - 1; ++i < right; a[i] = b[i]);
- } else {
- b = new int[a.length];
- }
- // Merging
- for (int last; count > 1; count = last) {
- for (int k = (last = 0) + 2; k <= count; k += 2) {
- int hi = run[k], mi = run[k - 1];
- for (int i = run[k - 2], p = i, q = mi; i < hi; ++i) {
- if (q >= hi || p < mi && a[p] <= a[q]) {
- b[i] = a[p++];
- } else {
- b[i] = a[q++];
- }
- }
- run[++last] = hi;
- }
- if ((count & 1) != 0) {
- for (int i = right, lo = run[count - 1]; --i >= lo;
- b[i] = a[i]
- );
- run[++last] = right;
- }
- int[] t = a; a = b; b = t;
- }
- }
双元素插入排序
- /**
- * Sorts the specified range of the array by Dual-Pivot Quicksort.
- *
- * @param a the array to be sorted
- * @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
- * @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted
- * @param leftmost indicates if this part is the leftmost in the range
- */
- private static void sort(int[] a, int left, int right, boolean leftmost) {
- int length = right - left + 1;
- // Use insertion sort on tiny arrays
- if (length < INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD) {//47个
- if (leftmost) {
- /*
- * Traditional (without sentinel) insertion sort,
- * optimized for server VM, is used in case of
- * the leftmost part.
- */
- for (int i = left, j = i; i < right; j = ++i) {
- int ai = a[i + 1];
- while (ai < a[j]) {
- a[j + 1] = a[j];
- if (j-- == left) {
- break;
- }
- }
- a[j + 1] = ai;
- }
- } else {
- /*
- * Skip the longest ascending sequence.
- */
- do {
- if (left >= right) {
- return;
- }
- } while (a[++left] >= a[left - 1]);
- /*
- * Every element from adjoining part plays the role
- * of sentinel, therefore this allows us to avoid the
- * left range check on each iteration. Moreover, we use
- * the more optimized algorithm, so called pair insertion
- * sort, which is faster (in the context of Quicksort)
- * than traditional implementation of insertion sort.
- */
- for (int k = left; ++left <= right; k = ++left) {
- int a1 = a[k], a2 = a[left];
- if (a1 < a2) {
- a2 = a1; a1 = a[left];
- }
- while (a1 < a[--k]) {
- a[k + 2] = a[k];
- }
- a[++k + 1] = a1;
- while (a2 < a[--k]) {
- a[k + 1] = a[k];
- }
- a[k + 1] = a2;
- }
- int last = a[right];
- while (last < a[--right]) {
- a[right + 1] = a[right];
- }
- a[right + 1] = last;
- }
- return;
- }
当小于47个时,使用插入排序。
参数a为需要排序的数组,left代表需要排序的数组区间中最左边元素的索引,right代表区间中最右边元素的索引,leftmost代表该区间是否是数组中最左边的区间。举个例子:
数组:[2, 4, 8, 5, 6, 3, 0, -3, 9]可以分成三个区间(2, 4, 8){5, 6}<3, 0, -3, 9>
对于()区间,left=0, right=2, leftmost=true
对于 {}区间, left=3, right=4, leftmost=false,同理可得<>区间的相应参数
当区间长度小于47时,该方***采用插入排序;否则采用快速排序。
1、 当leftmost为true时,它会采用传统的插入排序(traditional insertion sort),代码也较简单,其过程类似打牌时抓牌插牌。双枢轴快速排序
- // Inexpensive approximation of length / 7,1/7=1/8+1/32
- int seventh = (length >> 3) + (length >> 6) + 1;
- /*
- * Sort five evenly spaced elements around (and including) the
- * center element in the range. These elements will be used for
- * pivot selection as described below. The choice for spacing
- * these elements was empirically determined to work well on
- * a wide variety of inputs.
- */
- int e3 = (left + right) >>> 1; // The midpoint
- int e2 = e3 - seventh;
- int e1 = e2 - seventh;
- int e4 = e3 + seventh;
- int e5 = e4 + seventh;
- // Sort these elements using insertion sort
- if (a[e2] < a[e1]) { int t = a[e2]; a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
- if (a[e3] < a[e2]) { int t = a[e3]; a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
- if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
- }
- if (a[e4] < a[e3]) { int t = a[e4]; a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
- if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
- if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
- }
- }
- if (a[e5] < a[e4]) { int t = a[e5]; a[e5] = a[e4]; a[e4] = t;
- if (t < a[e3]) { a[e4] = a[e3]; a[e3] = t;
- if (t < a[e2]) { a[e3] = a[e2]; a[e2] = t;
- if (t < a[e1]) { a[e2] = a[e1]; a[e1] = t; }
- }
- }
- }
- // Pointers
- int less = left; // The index of the first element of center part
- int great = right; // The index before the first element of right part
- if (a[e1] != a[e2] && a[e2] != a[e3] && a[e3] != a[e4] && a[e4] != a[e5]) {
- /*
- * Use the second and fourth of the five sorted elements as pivots.
- * These values are inexpensive approximations of the first and
- * second terciles of the array. Note that pivot1 <= pivot2.
- */
- int pivot1 = a[e2];
- int pivot2 = a[e4];
- /*
- * The first and the last elements to be sorted are moved to the
- * locations formerly occupied by the pivots. When partitioning
- * is complete, the pivots are swapped back into their final
- * positions, and excluded from subsequent sorting.
- */
- a[e2] = a[left];
- a[e4] = a[right];
1. pivot的选取方式是将数组分成近视等长的七段,而这七段其实是被5个元素分开的,将这5个元素从小到大排序,取出第2个和第4个,分别作为pivot1和pivot2。
2. Pivot选取完之后,分别从左右两端向中间遍历,左边遍历停止的条件是遇到一个大于等于pivot1的值,并把那个位置标记为less;右边遍历的停止条件是遇到一个小于等于pivot2的值,并把那个位置标记为great
3. 然后从less位置向后遍历,遍历的位置用k表示,会遇到以下几种情况:
a. k位置的值比pivot1小,那就交换k位置和less位置的值,并是less的值加1;这样就使得less位置左边的值都小于pivot1,而less位置和k位置之间的值大于等于pivot1
b. k位置的值大于pivot2,那就从great位置向左遍历,遍历停止条件是遇到一个小于等于pivot2的值,假如这个值小于pivot1,就把这个值写到less位置,把less位置的值写道k位置,把k位置的值写道great位置,最后less++,great--;加入这个值大于等于pivot1,就交换k位置和great位置,之后great--。
4. 完成上述过程之后,带排序的子区间就被分成了三段(pivot2),最后分别对这三段采用递归就行了。
- /*
- * Skip elements, which are less&nbs***bsp;greater than pivot values.
- */
- while (a[++less] < pivot1);
- while (a[--great] > pivot2);
- /*
- * Partitioning:
- *
- * left part center part right part
- * +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- * | < pivot1 | pivot1 <= && <= pivot2 | ? | > pivot2 |
- * +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- * ^ ^ ^
- * | | |
- * less k great
- *
- * Invariants:
- *
- * all in (left, less) < pivot1
- * pivot1 <= all in [less, k) <= pivot2
- * all in (great, right) > pivot2
- *
- * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part.
- */
- outer:
- for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
- int ak = a[k];
- if (ak < pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
- a[k] = a[less];
- /*
- * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i++;" instead
- * of "a[i++] = b;" due to performance issue.
- */
- a[less] = ak;
- ++less;
- } else if (ak > pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
- while (a[great] > pivot2) {
- if (great-- == k) {
- break outer;
- }
- }
- if (a[great] < pivot1) { // a[great] <= pivot2
- a[k] = a[less];
- a[less] = a[great];
- ++less;
- } else { // pivot1 <= a[great] <= pivot2
- a[k] = a[great];
- }
- /*
- * Here and below we use "a[i] = b; i--;" instead
- * of "a[i--] = b;" due to performance issue.
- */
- a[great] = ak;
- --great;
- }
- }
- // Swap pivots into their final positions
- a[left] = a[less - 1]; a[less - 1] = pivot1;
- a[right] = a[great + 1]; a[great + 1] = pivot2;
- // Sort left and right parts recursively, excluding known pivots
- sort(a, left, less - 2, leftmost);
- sort(a, great + 2, right, false);
- /*
- * If center part is too large (comprises > 4/7 of the array),
- * swap internal pivot values to ends.
- */
- if (less < e1 && e5 < great) {
- /*
- * Skip elements, which are equal to pivot values.
- */
- while (a[less] == pivot1) {
- ++less;
- }
- while (a[great] == pivot2) {
- --great;
- }
- /*
- * Partitioning:
- *
- * left part center part right part
- * +----------------------------------------------------------+
- * | == pivot1 | pivot1 < && < pivot2 | ? | == pivot2 |
- * +----------------------------------------------------------+
- * ^ ^ ^
- * | | |
- * less k great
- *
- * Invariants:
- *
- * all in (*, less) == pivot1
- * pivot1 < all in [less, k) < pivot2
- * all in (great, *) == pivot2
- *
- * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part.
- */
- outer:
- for (int k = less - 1; ++k <= great; ) {
- int ak = a[k];
- if (ak == pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
- a[k] = a[less];
- a[less] = ak;
- ++less;
- } else if (ak == pivot2) { // Move a[k] to right part
- while (a[great] == pivot2) {
- if (great-- == k) {
- break outer;
- }
- }
- if (a[great] == pivot1) { // a[great] < pivot2
- a[k] = a[less];
- /*
- * Even though a[great] equals to pivot1, the
- * assignment a[less] = pivot1 may be incorrect,
- * if a[great] and pivot1 are floating-point zeros
- * of different signs. Therefore in float and
- * double sorting methods we have to use more
- * accurate assignment a[less] = a[great].
- */
- a[less] = pivot1;
- ++less;
- } else { // pivot1 < a[great] < pivot2
- a[k] = a[great];
- }
- a[great] = ak;
- --great;
- }
- }
- }
- // Sort center part recursively
- sort(a, less, great, false);
就是当中间的数超过4/7的时候,按照划分应该很平均才对,所以猜想中间的元素有很多等于pivot1和pivot2的数(划分的时候等于的数放在中间),会设法减少中间的数,就是把中间的等于pivot1的数放在前方,把等于pivot的数放在后方。
单枢轴快速排序
当5个元素有相当的时候,假定现在的情况是数组中有很多相同的元素。- } else { // Partitioning with one pivot
- /*
- * Use the third of the five sorted elements as pivot.
- * This value is inexpensive approximation of the median.
- */
- int pivot = a[e3];
- /*
- * Partitioning degenerates to the traditional 3-way
- *&nbs***bsp;"Dutch National Flag") schema:
- *
- * left part center part right part
- * +-------------------------------------------------+
- * | < pivot | == pivot | ? | > pivot |
- * +-------------------------------------------------+
- * ^ ^ ^
- * | | |
- * less k great
- *
- * Invariants:
- *
- * all in (left, less) < pivot
- * all in [less, k) == pivot
- * all in (great, right) > pivot
- *
- * Pointer k is the first index of ?-part.
- */
- for (int k = less; k <= great; ++k) {
- if (a[k] == pivot) {
- continue;
- }
- int ak = a[k];
- if (ak < pivot) { // Move a[k] to left part
- a[k] = a[less];
- a[less] = ak;
- ++less;
- } else { // a[k] > pivot - Move a[k] to right part
- while (a[great] > pivot) {
- --great;
- }
- if (a[great] < pivot) { // a[great] <= pivot
- a[k] = a[less];
- a[less] = a[great];
- ++less;
- } else { // a[great] == pivot
- /*
- * Even though a[great] equals to pivot, the
- * assignment a[k] = pivot may be incorrect,
- * if a[great] and pivot are floating-point
- * zeros of different signs. Therefore in float
- * and double sorting methods we have to use
- * more accurate assignment a[k] = a[great].
- */
- a[k] = pivot;
- }
- a[great] = ak;
- --great;
- }
- }
- /*
- * Sort left and right parts recursively.
- * All elements from center part are equal
- * and, therefore, already sorted.
- */
- sort(a, left, less - 1, leftmost);
- sort(a, great + 1, right, false);
- }