英语笔记

非谓语动词

非谓语动词可以做的成分（除了谓语可以充当任何成分）

  • 作主语（一般是不定式，并且使用it做形式主语）
    • It is very hard to finish the work by yourself.
    • It means failure to lose your heart.
  • 作表语
    • Her job is to look after the babies.
    • My dream is becoming a teacher.
  • 作宾语
    • He enjoys staying with his family.
    • I hope to see you soon.
  • 作定语（修饰名词）
    • He found a good house to live in.（to live in 修饰 house）
    • In the following years he worked even harder.（following 修饰 years）
  • 作状语
    • He worked day and night to get the money.
    • seeing the thief walk into the room, he called the police.（seeing 修饰后面的句子 the thief walk into the room）
  • 作同位语
    • The cave, his hiding-place, is secret.
    • His habit, eating snack before sleeping, has not been changed.

名词

名词性从句分类

  • 陈述句：that，that不充当成分，也没有实义，在宾语从句中可以省略that。

    • It makes me happy that she succeeded in finding a friend.（主语从句）

    • Someday, you will find that your career and kinship are more important than love itself.（宾语从句）

    • My idea is that we will go to sea a movie after finishing this chapter.（表语从句）

    • The truth that nobody can become brilliant without endeavors is ignored by a sea of men.（同位语从句）

  • 一般疑问句：whether/if，whether/if在从句中不充当成分，意思为“是否”，并且whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，if只能引导宾语从句。

    • Whether aliens exist is really vital.（主语从句）
    • I wonder to know if you want to go to the movies.（宾语从句）

  • 特殊疑问句：连接副词when/where/why/how，连接代词who/whom/what/which/whose，连接副词相当于副词，连接代词相当于代词。

    • Why I'm here is a secret.（主语从句）
    • I wonder why people live on earth.（宾语从句）

定语

定语的成分

  • 形容词（短语）作定语
    • That kind nightingale died at last
  • 名词（短语）作定语
    • The nightingle's singing can make the rose bloom.（名词的格）
  • 介词短语作定语
    • The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the young man.（out of the window 在窗外的）
    • I only have roses as white as the foam in the sea.
  • 分词、不定式作定语
    • In the end, the singing nightingale died because of love.
    • The innocent nightingale must have loved the student deceived by the girl.
  • 从句作定语
    • The rose which the nightingale exchanged with her life failed to help the student.

定语从句

  • 方法

    • 找先行词（有可能不是离引导词最近的那个）

  • 分类

    • 先行词是人：who/whom/whose，who和whom类似，但是whom只能在从句中充当宾语；whose在从句中充当定语。
      • He is the man who loves me.（先行词是人，从句loves me中缺主语，所以用who）
      • He is the man who/whom I love.（先行词是人，从句I love中缺主语，所以用who/whom）
      • He is the man whose father is wealthy.（先行词是人，从句father is wealthy缺一个定语）
    • 先行词是物：that/which/whose，that只能修饰限制性定语从句，which修饰非限制性定语从句，whose在从句中充当定语。
      • The food which wasn't in the fridge all went off.（没有放在冰箱的那些食物坏了）。
      • These children sit in a schoolroom whose windows are all broken.（先行词是schoolroom，并且有所属关系）（这些孩子就坐在窗户玻璃都被打破了的教室里上课）
    • 先行词是时间：that/which/when，when不充当成分，that和which充当成分。
      • I will never forget the day when I met you.（从句不缺成分）（我永远不会忘记我遇见你的那一天）
      • I will never forget the day that/which we spent.（从句缺宾语）（我永远不会忘记我们度过的那一天）
    • 先行词是地点：that/which/where，where不充当成分，that和which充当成分。
      • This is the town where I spend my childhood.（从句不缺成分）（这就是我度过童年的小城）
      • This is the town which I told you about before.（从句缺少宾语）（这就是我以前告诉过你的小城）
    • 先行词是原因：that/which/why，why不充当成分，that和which充当成分。
      • You had better have some reason why you are late.
      • You had better have some reason which/that sounds perfect.

  • 特殊情况

    • that引导英语从句时，如果在从句中充当宾语，那么that可以被省略。

      • I enjoy the movie that Cao Baoping directed.
      • I enjoy the movie Cao Baoping directed.（省略了that）

    • 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

      • 非限制性定语从句不能使用that
      • 限制性定语从句一般翻译成……的，而非限制性定语从句一般翻译成状语形式。
        • The food, which wasn't in the fridge, all went off.（食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱。）（翻译成原因状语从句）
        • The millionaire had another house built, which he didn't need at all.（那位百万富翁又建了一栋房子，尽管他并不需要）（翻译成让步状语从句）
        • We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.（我们知道，因为猫的眼镜能够比人的眼镜吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜里也能够看得很清楚。）（翻译成原因状语从句）

    • the same ... as和the same ... that

      • Mr.Darcy is the same man I love.（我喜欢的像Darcy先生这样的人）
      • Mr.Darcy is the same man that I love.（我喜欢的人正是Darcy先生）

    • as和which引导的非限制性定语从句

      • as引导的非限制性定语从句对位置没有要求；而which有要求
        • As we all know, Man struggles upwards, and water flows downwards.
        • Man struggles upwards and water flows downwards, which is known to us all.
      • as后只能跟be动词；而which后可以用任何类型的动词
        • As is known to United States, Mark Twain is a great writter.
        • Immigrant are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.

    • “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句

      • 分类

        • 即将关系副词when/where/why替换为 介词 + 关系代词的情况，其中why只能被替换为for which
          • This is the city where I have lived for 20 years.
          • This is the city in which I have lived for 20 years.
        • 定语从句的谓语是固定搭配的 “动词 + 介词”，并且先行词在从句中作宾语
          • This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.（argue about是一个固定搭配，在此处将about提前，所以有了 “介词 + 关系代词”）
        • 用于表达与上文的先行词或者句子的关系，避免上文与下文重复
          • Playing basketball is a beneficial exercise from which we can obtain many advantages.（which指代打篮球，如果再写一遍就会重复）

      • 代词的选择

        • 修饰人时，只能用whom
          • He is the student with whom my teacher talked.
        • 修饰物时，只能用which
          • This is the hotel at which Mr.Jason likes to stay.
        • whose用关系代词替代时，可用of which/whom
          • Mr.Liu criticized the students [whose/of whom] homework hasn't been handed in.
          • We live in a house [whose/ of whom] windows open to the south.

      • 介词的选择

        • 根据从句中谓语和介词的搭配，并且要判断“动词 + 介词”与先行词的逻辑关系
          • The girl for whom he had fought 2 years seems no longer important to him.（fight for sb（为……而斗争），所以用for whom，在从句中做宾语）
          • I have bought many things on which I spent most of my money that I saved.（spend money/time/energy on sth（在……花费金钱/时间/精力），在从句中做宾语）
        • 根据从句中动词和先行词的逻辑关系
          • This is the farmyard on which my father has worked for 20 years.（农场和工作的关系应该是在农场上工作，所以使用on，和where等价）
          • This is the roof on which people often enjoy the moon.（屋顶和欣赏的关系，应该是在屋顶上欣赏，所以使用on）
        • 根据 “形容词 + 介词” 与先行词的逻辑关系来选择
          • English is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.（be interested in（对……感兴趣），将in提前）
          • He referred me to some reference books with which I was not very familiar.（be familiar with（对……熟悉），将with提前）
        • 根据先行词与句子的意思来确定
          • The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen.（根据逻辑判断，应该加入without）
          • This is the classroom in the front of which there is a desk.（根据逻辑判断，教室前面有讲台，所以加入介词短语in the front of）

  • 总结

    • 代词（充当主语或者宾语）：who、whom、that、which
    • 副词（不充当主干成分）：where、when、why
    • 形容词（充当定语）：whose

状语

什么是状语？

  • 在一个句子中，用来修饰实义动词（词组）、形容词（短语）、副词或整个句子的成分叫做状语。

状语的成分

  • 副词/副词短语 做状语
    • She smiles sweetly
    • I tried again and again
    • He left decisively.
  • 介词短语做状语
    • He runs fast like a crazy dog.（介词短语like a crazy dog做状语修饰fast）
    • He left withou a word.
  • 分词、不定式做状语
    • He leaves, crying.（现在分词crying修饰leaves）
    • He left saying nothing.
  • 从句
    • I will return the book as soon as I have read it.（状语从句as soon as I have read it修饰整个句子）
    • When he left, he said nothing.

状语从句

状语从句位置

  • 状语从句放在句首时，必须加逗号。
  • 状语从句放在主句后时，可以加逗号，也可以不加逗号。

状语从句分类

  • 时间状语从句

    • 引导词
      • 普通引导词
        • when：在……时
        • as：正当/随着
        • while：在……期间
        • once：一旦
        • as soon as：一……就……
        • before：在……之前
        • after：在……之后
        • since：自从……以来
        • not……until：直到……才
        • until/till：直到……时
      • 名词短语
        • the moment
        • every time
        • the day
        • the instant
      • 副词
        • immediately
        • directly
        • no sonner ... than
        • hardly ... when
        • scarely ... when
    • when/while/as的对比
      • when引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词，通常表示 “当……时”
        • When the teacher come in, we stop talking.（短暂性动词）
        • When I lived in the countryside, I used to live a tough life.（延续性动词）
      • while引导的从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性的动词，多用于进行时态，通常表示 “在……时”，强调时间段的持续性。
        • While my mother was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
      • as引导的谓语动词是延续性的动词，表示 “一边……一边”，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生，表示 “随着”
        • We always sing as we walk.（表示 “一边……一边”）
        • As families moved away from their stable community, the informal flow of information is cut off.（表示 “随着……”）
    • until 和 not until的对比
      • until：主句的谓语动词是持续性动词
        • I will wait here until you come.
      • not ……until：主句的谓语动词是短暂性动词
        • I will not leave until you come.

  • 地点状语从句

    • 常用引导词

      • where

      • 不常用引导词

      • wherever

      • anywhere

      • everywhere

      • 举例

      • I find my phone where I had lost it.

      • The man made a mark where he has left the sword.

  • 原因状语从句

    • 常用引导词
      • because
      • since
      • as
      • for
    • 不常用引导词
      • seeing that
      • now that
      • in that
      • considering that
      • given that
      • as much as
    • 举例
      • Because he was careless, he had a car accident yesterday.
      • Because of his carelessness, he had a car accident yesterday.
    • due to放在句末，owing to放在句首
      • Owing to tolerance between the couple, the marriage can last long.
      • The marriage can last long due to tolerance between the couple.

  • 目的状语从句

    • 常用引导词
      • so that
      • in order that
    • 举例
      • I am determined to take part in the examination of postgraduates so that I could have a brighter future.
      • I am determined to take part in the examination of postgraduates in order to have a brighter future.
      • Parents getting old gradually are always telling a variety of lies in order that their daughters or sons will not worry about them.

  • 结果状语从句

    • 常用引导词
      • so that
      • so ... that
      • such ... that
    • 不常用引导词
      • to the degree that
      • to the extent that
      • to such a degree that
    • so that在目的状语从句和结果状语从句：引导目的状语从句时和情态动词连用；引导结果状语从句时不和情态动词连用。
      • I hurried through my work so that I could be on time for the TV.（目的状语从句）
      • Wemoved to the country so that we were away from the noisy city.（结果状语从句）

  • 条件状语从句

    • 常用引导词
      • if
      • unless：相当于if not
    • 特殊引导词
      • as：只要
      • so long as：只要
      • only if：只要
      • providing：假如
      • provided that：假如
      • supposing(that)：假如
      • in case that：以防
      • on condition that：如果
    • 举例
      • I will never give up so long as there is a ghost of hope.
      • On condition that love is a cup of poison, I will drink it up without hesitating.

  • 让步状语从句

    • 常用引导词
      • though
      • although
      • even if
      • even though
    • 特殊引导词
      • as
      • while：虽然（用在句首）
      • no matter...：无论
      • in spite of the fact that：虽然，尽管
      • whatever
      • wherever
      • whenever
      • however
      • whichever
    • 举例
      • Although/ Though he failed again and again, he still adheres to pursuing his dream.
      • The periodical physical examination must be given to a patient whoever has recuperated from hepatitis.
      • As automatic machines have many advantages, it can only do the jobs they have been told to do.

  • 方式状语从句

    • 常用引导词
      • as
      • as if
      • as though：好像；似乎
    • 特殊引导词
      • the way：方式
    • 举例
      • She talks with me as she were my mother.
      • The password was decoded by him in a dispassionate and objective manner.
      • I can still remember the whole thing in great detail as though it were yesterday.
      • They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
      • Always do to the others as you would be done by.

  • 比较状语从句

    • 常用引导词
      • as
      • than
    • 特殊引导词
      • the more ... the more ...
      • more than
      • more ... than ...
      • not so much ... as ...
    • 举例
      • The youth of today are better off than we used to be.
      • She is not so energetic as she used to be.
      • The result of this experiment is better than that of the last one.

从句总结

  • 分类
    • 名词性从句是按照从句所充当的成分来进行分类的，可分为四类。
      • 主语从句
      • 宾语从句
      • 表语从句
      • 同位语从句
    • 定语从句是按照引导词的种类来分类的，可分为五类。
      • 人
      • 物
      • 时间
      • 地点
      • 原因
    • 状语从句是按照引导词本身的意思来进行分类，可分为九类。
      • 时间状语从句
      • 地点状语从句
      • 原因状语从句
      • 目的状语从句
      • 结果状语从句
      • 条件状语从句
      • 让步状语从句
      • 方式状语从句
      • 比较状语从句
  • 定语从句和状语从句区分
    • where是否指代前面的先行词，如果指代前面的先行词就是定语从句，否则为地点状语从句
      • The man made a mark where he has left the sword.（地点状语从句，隐含了地点）
      • The man made a mark at the place where he has left the sword.（定义从句，修饰the place）

特殊句型

强调句

  • 构成
    • It is ... [that/who]（将被强调的部分放在中间即可）
  • 强调句和主语从句的比较
    • 把It is ... that去掉，然后看句子成分是否完整，如果完整则为强调句，否则为主语从句。
  • 举例
    • It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday.（强调我）
    • It was yesterday that I met my old flame in the street.（强调昨天）

倒装句

  • 什么是倒装？

    • 倒装就是把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式，也就是给一句话加个助动词或者把be动词放到句首。

  • 举例

    • 一般疑问句的倒装

      • Do you love me?
      • Is your father an official?
      • Hava you been to Europe?

    • 否定词放在句首用倒装

      • I have never I been to other countries except Japan. = Never have I been to other countries except Japan.
      • She seldom takes a shower in winter. = Seldom does she take a shower in winter.
      • The public can fail to pour attention into the issue of pollution under no circumstances = Under no circumstances can the public fail to pour attention into the issue of pollution.

    • so（表肯定），nor/neither（表否定）位于句首，表名承前句子的肯定或否定时用倒装

      • My husband can speak Japanese. I can speak Japanese, too. = My husband can speak Japanese, and so can I.
      • America is a democratic nation. Canada is a democratic nation, too. = America is a democratic nation, and so is Canada.

    • 含有so ... that ...结构的句子将so引导的部分置于句首时用倒装

      • He was so excited that he cannot help laughing at midnight. = So excited was he that he cannot help laughing at midnight.

    • only引出的状语位于句首时用倒装

      • His girlfriend called his name only once. = Only once did his girlfriend call his name.
      • My dearest mother always lives only in my deep heart. = Only in my deep heart does my dearest mother always live.

    • as引导让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成倒装

      • As I look ugly, I am quite gentle. = Ugly as I look, I am quite gentle.
      • As the drawing seems simple, the meaning behind it is far-reaching. = Simple as the drawing seems, the meaning behind it is far-reaching.

虚拟语气

  • 什么是虚拟语气？
    • 当表示与事实相反的或虚拟的、难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气。有时表示主管愿望、建议或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。
  • 用法
    • 对现在和将来的虚拟，主句用 would + do；从句用一般过去时。
      • If you are a tear in my eyes, I will never shed it.（一般条件句）
      • If you were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.（虚拟语气）
    • 对过去的虚拟，主句用 could + have done；从句用过去完成时。
      • If I was a dog last night, I could sleep beside you.（一般条件句）
      • If I had been a dog last night, I could have slept beside you（虚拟语气）

插入语

  • 什么是插入语？
    • 插入语是指插在句子中的词语或句子，位置灵活，通常用逗号或破折号隔开，和句子的其他部分没有语法上的关系。
    • 作用是对与句话附加解释、说明或总结；
    • 有时表示说话人的态度和看法；
    • 有时起强调作用；
    • 有时是为了引起对方的注意；
    • 还可以起转移话题或说明原因的作用；
    • 也可以承上启下，使语句间的衔接更加紧密。
  • 常用插入语
    • 副词作插入语
    • 介词短语作插入语
    • 不定式短语作插入语
    • 分词作插入语
    • 现在分词作插入语

成分总结

  • 主语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句
  • 谓语：动词（词组）
  • 宾语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句
  • 表语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句、形容词（短语）、介词短语
  • 同位语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句
  • 定语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句、形容词（短语）、介词短语
  • 状语：副词（短语）、介词短语、非谓语结构、从句