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AOP概述

AOP,即Aspect-Oriented Program面向切面编程,相比较继承、装饰者模式等纵向增强对象的方式,AOP是横向的、无入侵性的、可插拔的、高复用的。因此作为Spring的核心模块之一,它广泛应用于日志记录、事务管理、权限控制、异常处理等场景。

代理模式

由于AOP是基于动态代理的,所以本节先简单介绍一下代理模式。代理模式分为静态代理和动态代理,核心思想是在调用方和被调用方(被代理对象,也称目标对象)起到一个中介(代理对象)的作用,这样能够达到解耦、复用、保护的效果:

  • 所有的调用请求都要先经过代理对象,于是代理对象可以先对这些请求做一个过滤从而屏蔽非法请求,是为保护
  • 如果每次调用前都需要记录一下调用者的信息,那么可以将此任务交给代理对象,而无需在不同的被调用方都增加此项代码,是为复用
  • 对于调用方而言,代理对象和目标对象有同样的外观,通过代理对象作为中介,调用方并不知道实际处理请求的到底是谁,调用方和和目标对象没有直接的依赖关系,是为解耦

代理对象对调用请求是不做实际的业务处理的

静态代理

通过实现和目标对象同样的接口,以实现和目标对象有相同的外观。通过保存目标对象的引用来对请求做实际的业务处理。

静态代理示例代码如下:

public interface UserService {

    void add();
}

public class UserReadServiceImpl implements UserService {
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("illegal invoke");
    }

    public void query() {
        System.out.println("query user");
    }
}

public class UserWriteServiceImpl implements UserService {
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("insert user");
    }

    public void query() {
        System.out.println("illegal invoke");
    }
}

public class UserServiceProxy implements UserService {

    private UserService userService;

    public UserServiceProxy(UserService userService) {
        this.userService = userService;
    }

    public void add() {
        userService.add();
    }

    public void query() {
        userService.query();
    }
}
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测试如下:

public class UserServiceProxyTest {

    @Test
    public void add() {
        UserService userService = new UserWriteServiceImpl();
        UserServiceProxy userServiceProxy = new UserServiceProxy(userService);
        userServiceProxy.add();	
    }

    @Test
    public void query() {
        UserService userService = new UserReadServiceImpl();
        UserServiceProxy userServiceProxy = new UserServiceProxy(userService);
        userServiceProxy.query(); 
    }
}

insert user
query user
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静态代理的弊端:

  • 增对每一个业务领域(如这里的UserService就是一个域),都需要手动编写一个代理类
  • 代码冗余
    • 针对每个代理类,都需要在每个代理方法中编写代理逻辑,即使这些逻辑是一样的。比如日志代理类就是在每次调用目标方法前做一个请求信息的日志记录,若在每个代理方法调用目标方法前都加上此项,会显得重复冗余。

针对静态代理的这些缺点,采用动态代理就能很好的规避。

动态代理

目前动态代理有两种方案,即jdk代理和cglib代理。

  • jdk代理是指jdk内置的,通过jdk api就可以实现,只能对目标对象实现的接口方法做增强
  • cglib代理是指使用第三方类库cglib实现动态代理,cglib还依赖了asm库,asm是一种字节码修改技术,而cglib就是通过修改字节码中的符号引用来生成代理对象的。字节码文件结构及符号引用可参阅《深入理解Java虚拟机(第二版)》(周志明)。由于cglib动态代理是基于继承的,所以cglib动态代理可以 增强目标对象所有的可继承方法

jdk代理的示例代码如下:

package cn.tuhu.springaop.proxy;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;

public class LogProxy {

    private Object target;

    private LogInvocationHandler logInvocationHandler = new LogInvocationHandler();

    public LogProxy(Object target) {
        this.target = target;
    }

    public Object getProxyObject() {
        ClassLoader classLoader = target.getClass().getClassLoader();
        Class<?>[] interfaces = target.getClass().getInterfaces();
        return Proxy.newProxyInstance(classLoader, interfaces, logInvocationHandler);
    }

    private class LogInvocationHandler implements InvocationHandler {

        public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
            System.out.println("log for request");
            method.invoke(target, args);
            return proxy;
        }
    }

}
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测试如下:

package cn.tuhu.springaop.proxy;

import cn.tuhu.springaop.service.UserService;
import cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.UserReadServiceImpl;
import org.junit.Test;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;

public class LogProxyTest {

    @Test
    public void getProxyObject() {
        UserService userService = new UserReadServiceImpl();
        LogProxy logProxy = new LogProxy(userService);
        UserService userServiceProxy = (UserService) logProxy.getProxyObject();
        userServiceProxy.query();
        userServiceProxy.add();
    }
}


log for request
query user
log for request
illegal invoke
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基于SpringAOP手写事务

AOP编程

上述以讲述了动态代理的基本原理,SpringAOP底层用的就是动态代理,它由以下几个要素组成:

  • 切入点/关注点pointcut/joinpoint
    • 需要被增强的方法
  • 增强/通知advice
    • 在目标方法基础之上需要增强的逻辑
  • 切面aspect
    • 将通知应用在切入点之上的集合体

引入SpringAOP相关依赖:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.6.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.6.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.6.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>
    <artifactId>aspectjrt</artifactId>
    <version>1.6.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>aspectj</groupId>
    <artifactId>aspectjweaver</artifactId>
    <version>1.5.3</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>cglib</groupId>
    <artifactId>cglib</artifactId>
    <version>2.1_2</version>
</dependency>
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添加spring配置文件:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd">

    <context:component-scan base-package="cn.tuhu.springaop"></context:component-scan>
	
    <!-- 开启AOP编程注解,开启后标识为@Aspect的bean的AOP才会生效 -->
    <aop:aspectj-autoproxy></aop:aspectj-autoproxy> 

</beans>

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业务接口:

package cn.tuhu.springaop.service;

public interface UserService {

    void add();

    void query();
}
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业务实现:

package cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl;

import cn.tuhu.springaop.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("insert user");
    }

    public void query() {
        System.out.println("query user");
    }
}
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切面类:

package cn.tuhu.springaop;

import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Aspect
@Component
public class TransactionAspect {

    //前置通知
    @Before(value = "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.*(..))") //切入点:service.impl包下的所有方法
    public void before() {
        System.out.println("Before:最先执行");
    }

    //后置通知
    @After(value = "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.*(..))")
    public void after() {
        System.out.println("After:方法执行之后执行");
    }

    //环绕通知
    @Around(value = "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.*(..))")
    public void around(ProceedingJoinPoint proceedingJoinPoint) throws Throwable {
        System.out.println("Around Begin:Before执行之后方法执行之前执行");
        proceedingJoinPoint.proceed();
        System.out.println("Around End:After执行之后执行");
    }

    //正常结束通知
    @AfterReturning(value = "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.*(..))")
    public void afterReturning() {
        System.out.println("AfterReturning:最后执行");
    }

    //异常终止通知
    @AfterThrowing(value = "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.*(..))")
    public void afterThrowing() {
        System.out.println("AfterThrowing:抛出异常后执行");
    }

}
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测试类:

package cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl;

import cn.tuhu.springaop.service.UserService;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class UserServiceImplTest {

    ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");

    @Test
    public void add() {
        UserService userService = context.getBean(UserService.class);
        userService.add();
    }
}


Before:最先执行
Around Begin:Before执行之后方法执行之前执行
insert user
After:方法执行之后执行
Around End:After执行之后执行
AfterReturning:最后执行
======================
Before:最先执行
Around Begin:Before执行之后方法执行之前执行
query user
After:方法执行之后执行
Around End:After执行之后执行
AfterReturning:最后执行
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可见,AOP的切面机制很灵活,可以有不同方式的增强和灵活的关注点配置(execution表达式)。

编程式事务

编程式事务,即在业务方法中手动编码开启事务会话、提交事务、回滚。

环境准备,需要连接数据库以及使用Spring提供的JdbcTemplate

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.mchange</groupId>
    <artifactId>c3p0</artifactId>
    <version>0.9.5.2</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>mysql</groupId>
    <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
    <version>5.1.37</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-orm</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.6.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
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在配置文件中配置数据源以及事务管理器:

<!-- 1. 数据源对象: C3P0连接池 -->
<bean id="dataSource" class="com.mchange.v2.c3p0.ComboPooledDataSource">
    <property name="driverClass" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"></property>
    <property name="jdbcUrl" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test"></property>
    <property name="user" value="root"></property>
    <property name="password" value="123456"></property>
</bean>

<!-- 2. JdbcTemplate工具类实例 -->
<bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate">
    <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"></property>
</bean>

<!-- 3.配置事务 -->
<bean id="dataSourceTransactionManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
    <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"></property>
</bean>
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Dao

package cn.tuhu.springaop.dao;

import cn.tuhu.springaop.entity.User;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository
public class UserDao {

    @Autowired
    JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

    public void add(User user) {
        String sql = "insert into user (id,name) values(" + user.getId() + ",'" + user.getName() + "');";
        jdbcTemplate.execute(sql);
    }
}
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Service

package cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl;

import cn.tuhu.springaop.dao.UserDao;
import cn.tuhu.springaop.entity.User;
import cn.tuhu.springaop.service.UserService;
import cn.tuhu.springaop.util.TransactionUtils;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;

@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {

    @Autowired
    UserDao userDao;

    @Autowired
    TransactionUtils transactionUtils;

    public void add() {
        TransactionStatus transactionStatus = null;
        try {
            //begin
            transactionStatus = transactionUtils.begin();

            User user = new User(1L, "张三");
            userDao.add(user);
            user = new User(2L, "李四");
            int i = 1 / 0;
            userDao.add(user);

            if (transactionStatus != null) {
                transactionUtils.commit(transactionStatus);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            if (transactionStatus != null) {
                transactionUtils.rollback(transactionStatus);
            }
        }
    }

}
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测试事务

public class UserServiceImplTest {

    ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");

    @Test
    public void add() {
        UserService userService = context.getBean(UserService.class);
        userService.add();
    }
}
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刷新数据库user表发现没有数据插入,而注释掉i=1/0则插入两条数据,说明事务生效。

上述事务的开启、提交、回滚是模板式的代码,我们应该抽取出来以供复用,这时AOP就派上用场了。

package cn.tuhu.springaop.proxy;

import cn.tuhu.springaop.util.TransactionUtils;
import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Around;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;

@Component
@Aspect
public class TransactionAop {

    @Autowired
    TransactionUtils transactionUtils;

    @Around(value = "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.add*(..))," +
            "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.update*(..))," +
            "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.delete*(..))")
    public void transactionHandler(ProceedingJoinPoint proceedingJoinPoint) {
        TransactionStatus transactionStatus = transactionUtils.begin();
        try {
            proceedingJoinPoint.proceed();
            transactionUtils.commit(transactionStatus);
        } catch (Throwable throwable) {
            throwable.printStackTrace();
            transactionUtils.rollback(transactionStatus);
        }
    }
}
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业务类则只需关注业务代码

@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {

    @Autowired
    UserDao userDao;

    public void add() {
        User user = new User(1L, "张三");
        userDao.add(user);
        user = new User(2L, "李四");
        int i = 1 / 0;
        userDao.add(user);
    }

}
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声明式事务

Spring的声明式事务是通过@Transactional注解来实现的,首先我们先屏蔽上节写的TransactionAop

//@Component
//@Aspect
public class TransactionAop {
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spring.xml中开启声明式事务注解(注意引入tx名称空间):

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd">
    <context:component-scan base-package="cn.tuhu.springaop"></context:component-scan>
    <aop:aspectj-autoproxy></aop:aspectj-autoproxy> <!-- 开启事物注解 -->

    <!-- 1. 数据源对象: C3P0连接池 -->
    <bean id="dataSource" class="com.mchange.v2.c3p0.ComboPooledDataSource">
        <property name="driverClass" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"></property>
        <property name="jdbcUrl" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test"></property>
        <property name="user" value="root"></property>
        <property name="password" value="123456"></property>
    </bean>

    <!-- 2. JdbcTemplate工具类实例 -->
    <bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"></property>
    </bean>

    <!-- 3.配置事务 -->
    <bean id="dataSourceTransactionManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"></property>
    </bean>

    <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="dataSourceTransactionManager"/>
</beans>
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只需在方法和类上添加@Transactional注解即可添加事务控制(若在类上添加则相当于在每个方法上都加了@Transactional):

package cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl;

import cn.tuhu.springaop.dao.UserDao;
import cn.tuhu.springaop.entity.User;
import cn.tuhu.springaop.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;

@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {

    @Autowired
    UserDao userDao;

    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
    public void add() {
        User user = new User(1L, "张三");
        userDao.add(user);
        user = new User(2L, "李四");
        int i = 1 / 0;  //不注释测一次,注释起来再测一次
        userDao.add(user);
    }

}
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实现原理

Spring通过扫包发现被注解为@Transactional的方法,再通过AOP的方法进行编程式事务控制。

手写一个事务注解

  1. 定义事务注解

    package cn.tuhu.springaop.annotation;
    
    public @interface MyTransactional {
        
    }
    复制代码
  2. 编写切面类,增强带有事务注解的方法

    package cn.tuhu.springaop.proxy;
    
    import cn.tuhu.springaop.annotation.MyTransactional;
    import cn.tuhu.springaop.util.TransactionUtils;
    import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
    import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.AfterThrowing;
    import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Around;
    import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
    import org.aspectj.lang.reflect.MethodSignature;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
    import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;
    import org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport;
    
    import java.lang.reflect.Method;
    
    @Component
    @Aspect
    public class TransactionAop {
    
        @Autowired
        TransactionUtils transactionUtils;
    
        private ProceedingJoinPoint proceedingJoinPoint;
    
        @Around(value = "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.*(..))")
        public void transactionHandler(ProceedingJoinPoint proceedingJoinPoint) throws Throwable {
            TransactionStatus transactionStatus = null;
    
            if (hasTransaction(proceedingJoinPoint)) {
                transactionStatus = transactionUtils.begin();
            }
    
            proceedingJoinPoint.proceed();
    
            // 若hasTransaction(proceedingJoinPoint)判断通过,则transactionStatus不为null
            if (transactionStatus != null) {
                transactionUtils.commit(transactionStatus);
            }
        }
    
        /** * 判断切入点是否标注了@MyTransactional注解 * * @param proceedingJoinPoint * @return */
        private boolean hasTransaction(ProceedingJoinPoint proceedingJoinPoint) throws NoSuchMethodException {
            this.proceedingJoinPoint = proceedingJoinPoint;
            //获取方法名
            String methodName = proceedingJoinPoint.getSignature().getName();
            //获取方法所在类的class对象
            Class clazz = proceedingJoinPoint.getSignature().getDeclaringType();
            //获取参数列表类型
            Class[] parameterTypes = ((MethodSignature) proceedingJoinPoint.getSignature()).getParameterTypes();
            //根据方法名和方法参列各参数类型可定位类中唯一方法
            Method method = clazz.getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);
            //根据方法对象获取方法上的注解信息
            MyTransactional myTransactional = method.getAnnotation(MyTransactional.class);
            return myTransactional == null ? false : true;
        }
    
        @AfterThrowing(value = "execution(* cn.tuhu.springaop.service.impl.*.*(..))")
        public void handleTransactionRollback() throws NoSuchMethodException {
            if (hasTransaction(proceedingJoinPoint)) {
                //获取当前事务并回滚
                TransactionAspectSupport.currentTransactionStatus().setRollbackOnly();
            }
        }
    }
    复制代码

    测试通过!

事务传播行为

Spring事务注解@Transactional中有一个属性propagation表示当前事务的传播行为,可选值如下:

事务的传播行为发生在多个事务之间,默认值为REQUIRED

 Propagation propagation() default Propagation.REQUIRED;
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最常用的也只有REQUIREDREQUIRED_NEW两个选项,下面仅介绍这两者的含义,其他的可自己尝试。

假设有这样一个场景,对于订单表order有一张订单日志表order_log专门用来记录生成订单的请求。要求每次请求生成订单时无论订单是否生成成功,该请求都应该被记录下来,即请求信息始终会插入order_log而不应该受OrderService事务控制的影响。

如下,我们可以为插入日志的操作指定REQUIRED_NEW,这样如果在调用addOrder中调用addLog时会因为addOrder已开启了事务于是将该事务挂起,并为addLog新建一个事务,这样addLog独立于addOrder的事务之外自然不会受其回滚的影响了。

@Service
public class OrderLogService{
    
    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class,propagation = Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW)
    public void addLog(){
        // recode request info
    }
}

@Service
public class OrderService{
    
    @Autowire
    OrderLogService orderLogService;
    
    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
    public void addOrder(){
        orderLogService.addLog();
        // generate order
        // ...
        int i = 1 / 0 ;
    }
}
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否则,如果不为addLog添加事务或者将其事务传播行为采用默认的REQUIRED的话,addLog中的逻辑就会与addOrder中的逻辑处于同一事务中,一旦生成订单过程中出现异常,那么插入日志也会一起被回滚。