目前 partition table 大概有叁种: 最传统的 mbr、大容量的 gpt、小设备的 无; 遇上最后那种就会出现 "doesn't contain a valid partition table(不包含有效的分区表)" 提示 ...意思就是说你还没有分区!
解决办法可以参考下面的方法:

发现有问题:
Disk /dev/vdb doesn't contain a valid partition table

sudo fdisk /dev/vdb
跟着向导一步步做下去(如果不知道该输入什么,就输入“m”并回车,可以打印出菜单):
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
(后面的菜单省略,太长了)
这里我们要添加一个新的分区,所以输入“n”:
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-14098, default 1): (此处直接回车)
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-14098, default 14098): (此处直接回车)
Using default value 14098
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 115.9 GB, 115964116992 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14098 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 14098 113242153+ 83 Linux
现在可以写入分区表了,所以输入“w”:
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
现在再 sudo fdisk -l,结果正常。