观察者模式
当对象间存在一对多关系时,则使用观察者模式(Observer Pattern)。比如,当一个对象被修改时,则会自动通知依赖它的对象。观察者模式属于行为型模式。
观察者一般可以看做是第三者,比如在学校上自习的时候,大家肯定都有过交头接耳、各种玩耍的经历,这时总会有一个“放风”的小伙伴,当老师即将出现时及时“通知”大家老师来了。再比如,拍卖会的时候,大家相互叫价,拍卖师会观察最高标价,然后通知给其它竞价者竞价,这就是一个观察者模式。
对于观察者模式而言,肯定有观察者和被观察者之分。比如在一个目录下建立一个文件,这时系统会通知目录管理器增加目录,并通知磁盘减少空间,在这里,文件就是观察者,目录管理器和磁盘就是被观察者。
观察者模式(Observer),又叫发布-订阅模式(Publish/Subscribe),定义对象间一种一对多的依赖关系,使得每当一个对象改变状态,则所有依赖于它的对象都会得到通知并自动更新。
下面这些其实都是观察者模式:
- Observer
- Listener
- Hook
- Callback
例子1:
事件源接口:
abstract class Event<T> {
abstract T getSource();
}
事件源实现:
class wakeUpEvent extends Event<Child>{
long timestamp;
String loc;
Child source;
public wakeUpEvent(long timestamp, String loc, Child source) {
this.timestamp = timestamp;
this.loc = loc;
this.source = source;
}
@Override
Child getSource() {
return source;
}
}
观察者接口:
interface Observer {
void actionOnWakeUp(wakeUpEvent event);
}
Dad:
class Dad implements Observer {
public void feed() {
System.out.println("dad feeding...");
}
@Override
public void actionOnWakeUp(wakeUpEvent event) {
feed();
}
}
Mum:
class Mum implements Observer {
public void hug() {
System.out.println("mum hugging...");
}
@Override
public void actionOnWakeUp(wakeUpEvent event) {
hug();
}
}
Dog:
class Dog implements Observer {
public void wang() {
System.out.println("dog wang...");
}
@Override
public void actionOnWakeUp(wakeUpEvent event) {
wang();
}
}
被观察者:
class Child {
private boolean cry = false;
private List<Observer> observers = new ArrayList<>();
{
observers.add(new Dad());
observers.add(new Mum());
observers.add(new Dog());
observers.add((e)->{
System.out.println("ppp");
});
//hook callback function
}
public boolean isCry() {
return cry;
}
public void wakeUp() {
cry = true;
wakeUpEvent event = new wakeUpEvent(System.currentTimeMillis(), "bed", this);
for(Observer o : observers) {
o.actionOnWakeUp(event);
}
}
}
客户端:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Child c = new Child();
//do sth
c.wakeUp();
}
}
运行截图:
例子2:
事件源:
class ActionEvent {
long when;
Object source;
public ActionEvent(long when, Object source) {
super();
this.when = when;
this.source = source;
}
public long getWhen() {
return when;
}
public Object getSource() {
return source;
}
}
观察者接口:
interface ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e);
}
MyActionListenerA:
class MyActionListenerA implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("button pressed!");
}
}
MyActionListenerB:
class MyActionListenerB implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("button pressed 2!");
}
}
被观察者:
class Button {
private List<ActionListener> actionListeners = new ArrayList<ActionListener>();
public void buttonPressed() {
ActionEvent e = new ActionEvent(System.currentTimeMillis(),this);
for(int i = 0; i < actionListeners.size(); i++) {
ActionListener l = actionListeners.get(i);
l.actionPerformed(e);
}
}
public void addActionListener(ActionListener l) {
actionListeners.add(l);
}
}
客户端:
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Button b = new Button();
b.addActionListener(new MyActionListenerA());
b.addActionListener(new MyActionListenerB());
b.buttonPressed();
}
}
运行截图: